With its 38 letters, the . Two more letters, () and (f), were added in the Middle Ages. Medicine is an inseparable part of ancient Armenian culture and its roots come from deep in the past. 1-4. The influence of the remaining languages seems to have been chiefly in the form of borrowings. Numerous dialects existed in the traditional Armenian regions, which, different as they were, had certain morphological and phonetic features in common. Additionally, animate nouns can never take the locative case. There are words used in Armenian that are generally believed to have been borrowed from Anatolian languages, particularly from Luwian, although some researchers have identified possible Hittite loanwords as well. [13], Since 1991 the situation changed radically, in concern of studying it at secondary and high school as a general subject. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened the path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. Gradually, the interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. The system of writing in Armenia was created at the end of the 4th century AD, when the Armenian alphabet was invented. [citation needed] After a master's degree from the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, Dumikyan worked as a senior researcher in the Academy's Institute of History while completing her doctorate, which concerns 19 th century issues in French Armenology, and afterwards led to the Armenian-language book Issues in the History of Ancient and Early Medieval . Arakel Syunetsi (15 century) speaks about the eight-string lyre, presents a number of brass and string instruments. Its language has a long literary history, with a fifth-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. The material? In Armenian, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last syllable contains the definite article [] or [n], and the possessive articles and , in which case it falls on the penultimate one. [108] The Middle Armenian variety used in the court of Cilician Armenia (10801375) provides a window into the development of Western Armenian, which came to be based on what became the dialect of Istanbul, while the standard for Eastern Armenian was based on the dialect around Mount Ararat and Yerevan. . The vowel // is reduced and cannot be stressed. Relying on folk medicine and its sources, it accumulated the experience and knowledge of many generations of Armenian physicians on the curative properties of plants and animals as . Which case the direct object takes is split based on animacy. Armenian tradition, recorded between the fifth and eighth centuries A.D., relates the Armenian people to the descendants of Noah. Populaia stabil pe sexe, dup limba matern categorii de localiti, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare i judee [Tab9. Western Armenian (formerly known as Armenian of Turkey) was based on the dialect of the Armenian community of Istanbul, and Eastern Armenian (formerly known as Armenian of Russia) was based on the dialects of Yerevan (Armenia) and Tbilisi (Georgia). Although by neither account were they the original inhabitants of the region, Xenophon records in 400 B.C. The script? Lord Byron (1788-1824) visited the Armenian Monastery of St. Lazarus in Venice in 1816, where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture with the help of the abbots belonging to the Mechitarist Order. From year to year, more people tend to learn the English language. The scientist and monk Mesrop Mashtots put the basis of a unique Armenian alphabet between 405 and 406. History, discussion, and the presentation of Iranian influences in Armenian Language over the millennia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&oldid=1118930468, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Language articles with speaker number undated, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with dead external links from September 2022, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Thus, the Russian language lost its statute of a second mother tongue and was classified as a foreign language. The Armenian language is an Indo-European language. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. In the Ancient Armenian language the suffix was "zants". The study of a language to determine its origins and evolution deals primarily with its oral characteristics, and most contemporary linguists work under the belief that spoken language is more fundamental, and thus more important to study than written language.Thus, Armenian is considered to be mainly an offshoot of the Indo-Hittite group of . [52] One notable loanword from Anatolian is Armenian xalam, "skull", cognate to Hittite alanta, "head".[53]. ", Clackson, James P. T. 2008. In modern forms of Armenian the stress falls on the last syllable of a word. Lessons rendered in a Romanized alphabet can be accessed via the, The status of Armenian within the Indo-European family of languages remains obscure. Austin, Texas 78712 Ancient Armenian literary language got its processing is mainly due to the Armenian clergy, among them, for example, Yeznik Koghbatsi (374 / 380-450), considered one of the founders of the literary language drevenarmyanskogo. Armenian language is considered to be [] "Recent Armenological Research of Indo-European Relevance." P.125. The fact that some propose Armenia to be the homeland of the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European would lead one to hope that Armenian represents the language of those speakers who did, In addition, there was a strong stress on the Proto-Armenian penultimate syllable, which led to the loss of any final vowel, and caused /i/ and /u/ to become the. In the northeast the Kur River separates the highland region from lowlands which sweep to the Caspian Sea. But by far the greatest number of borrowings come from Iranian. All these factors brought forth changes of the language functioning structure in real time conditions. [40], Armenia was a monolingual country by the 2nd century BC at the latest. The main difference between the Eastern and Western variants is that the first one is the official language of the country since the twenties of the last century. Western standard: The influx of immigrants from different parts of the traditional Armenian homeland to Istanbul crystallized the common elements of the regional dialects, paving the way for a style of writing that required a shorter and more flexible learning curve than Grabar. Often, when writers codify a spoken dialect, other language users are then encouraged to imitate that structure through the literary device known as parallelism. The loans can be traced to the north-eastern dialect by the presence of linguistic traits such as the presence of /rd/ instead of /l/ (e.g. [49] The Armenian alphabet was created by Mesrop Mashtots in 405, at which time it had 36 letters. The Times is available at kiosks. [62] The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist Heinrich Hbschmann (1875)[62][63] used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian words from the older Armenian vocabulary. More than a million books are available now via BitTorrent. Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) Pp. A variation of that early designation, Armenian, is the name by which the people who call themselves Hay are known worldwide. But by far the greatest number of borrowings come from Iranian. [64][65][66][67] Early and strong evidence was given by Euler's 1979 examination on shared features in Greek and Sanskrit nominal flection. In addition to those who speak Russian as a first language, 1,591,246 people or 52.7% of Armenia's citizens speak Russian as a second language. Armenian is a major language used in education, administration and public life. Most people who are familiar with the Armenian alphabet probably know that it was the 5th century monk by the name of Mesrop Mashtots who invented the Armenian alphabet, sometimes known as the Mesropian or Mashtotsian alphabet. [77] Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to Istanbul, whereas Tbilisi became the center of Armenians living under Russian rule. According to the 2001 census 40,620 people identified themselves as Yazidis and 1,519 as Kurds. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Armenian is the official language of what in recent memory was the smallest republic of the former Soviet Union, now the southernmost republic of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Approximately 5 million people speak this language today, almost half of them in the 18th century. And for the long time of the oppression of the Ottoman Empire a part of Turkish words penetrated into the Armenian vocabulary. The kingdom of Urartu (ca. Third periodic reports of states parties due in 2003: Lebanon", "Armenians and the 2000 Parliamentary Elections in Lebanon", "New Glendale traffic safety warnings in English, Armenian, Spanish", "Intersections: Bad driving signals a need for reflection", "Unraveling the Life of Calouste Gulbenkian", "All You Need to Know about Armenian Language", "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian", "Greco-Armenian: The persistence of a myth", "Notes on Anatolian loanwords in Armenian", "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian", "ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. The major phonetic difference between dialects is in the reflexes of Classical Armenian voice-onset time. From ancient and modern languages, Indo-Iranian seems to be the most closely related to Armenian . [108] Although the Armenian language is often divided into "east" and "west", the two standards are actually relatively close to each other in light of wealth of the diversity present among regional non-standard Armenian dialects. The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The oldest documents in Armenian, dating back to the invention of the alphabet in the fifth century A.D., are of a primarily ecclesiastic nature. It is an Arabic instrument but with some changes, Armenians used it as well. [12] Russian was the main language of academic research, although Armenia's constitution has recognized Armenian as the official language. Suffice it to say, the true origin of the Armenian peoples will remain shrouded in obscurity for some time to come. The first Armenian periodical, Azdarar, was published in grabar in 1794. It was probably derived from the Pahlavi alphabet of Persia, with some Greek influences. AD At that time an alphabet of 36 letters was specially designed for Armenian by St. Mesrop, who used Greek and Iranian letters as a basis. The Old Armenian or Grabar is the first stage of the written Armenian language. After World War I, the existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. Demographic and social condition and structure 2011 National Census of Population and Housing]", "Tab9. On the basis of these features two major standards emerged: Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ashkharhabar. However, due to extensive loaning, only around 1,500 words (G. Jahukyan) are known to have been inherited from Indo-European by the Classical Armenian stage; the rest were lost, a fact that presents a major challenge to endeavors to better understand Proto-Armenian and its place within the family, especially as many of the sound changes along the way from Indo-European to Armenian remain quite difficult to analyze. 53-428 A.D.). Very briefly, Classical Armenian is for students . 512-471-4141 The Armenian alphabet. 1998. Specialized literature prefers "Old Armenian" for grabar as a whole, and designates as "Classical" the language used in the 5th century literature, "Post-Classical" from the late 5th to 8th centuries, and "Late Grabar" that of the period covering the 8th to 11th centuries. [4] A 2012 opinion poll showed that 94% of Armenians have basic knowledge of Russian, with 24% having advanced knowledge, 59% intermediate knowledge and 11% having beginner level knowledge. Though Russian is the working language of the Union according to the Treaty on Eurasian Economic Union, Armenian and the languages of other member states are officially recognized. It became the language of secular works (poetry, books on medicine and agriculture). According to Greek mythic tradition, Armenia was named after Armenus, one of Jason's Argonauts. The language whose records date back to this period is termed Classical Armenian. Armenian alphabet, The Armenian alphabet.script developed for the Armenian language in the 5th century ad and still in use. [11], Rapid Russification started during the Soviet period, particularly after Stalin's coming to power in the mid-1930s, when Russian became lingua franca of the Soviet Union. Speakers of Armenian appear to have replaced an earlier population of Urartian speakers (see Ch. 116 Inner Campus Dr Stop G6000 [41] Its language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. After the seventeenth century, Armenian developed into a modern form which has split into two varieties: West Armenian and East Armenian. They also found letters between monks that were written in an ancient Armenian language. It belongs to the Eastern group of the Indo-European language family and has a number of common points with the Slavic, Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages. [17], Although Armenian Greeks are mostly multilingual (speaking Greek, Armenian and Russian), the 1,176 strong Greek community has kept the Pontic Greek dialect as their native language. These two cosmopolitan cities very soon became the primary poles of Armenian intellectual and cultural life.[78]. Yerevan, 1981, p. 33). It follows Prehistoric Armenia and covers a period of approximately one thousand years, beginning at the end of the Iron Age with the events that led to the dissolution of the Kingdom of Urartu, and the emergence of the first geopolitical entity called Armenia in the 6th century BC. Countless emigrees have spread the language to all corners of the world. 33,509 of Armenia's citizens speak Kurdish as a first language (31,479 reported Yazidi while 2,030 reported Kurdish). The earliest record of the name " Armenia ". 870 - 590 B.C.) Eric P. Hamp (1976, 91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis and even anticipates a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Scholars generally believe Greek, Iranian, and Phrygian to have had the most linguistic influence on Armenian. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. Nowadays the language of the Armenian people has a rich vocabulary. "(inland) sea"), ut "camel" ( Hurr. Precisely how and when the first Armenians arrived in eastern Anatolia and the areas surrounding Lakes Van, Sevan, and Urmia is not known. In Old Armenian they formed a system of 15 phonemes with three types of articulationvoiced, voiceless, and voiceless aspiratedin every point of articulation: b-p-p; d-t-t; g-k-k; j-c-c (/= dz/-/= ts/-/= ts/); -- (/=English j/-/= English ch/-/=ch/). [17], The popularity of English has been growing since Armenia's independence in 1991. Secular material, too, was translated, including many works by Aristotle and Neoplatonists such as Prophyry, Probus, and Diodorus. [106][107] Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of noun declension, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. Some works have survived only through their Armenian translations, such as the Commentaries on the Benediction of Moses by Hippolytus, the first part of the Chronicle of Eusebius, and the Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes. That system had developed from Proto-Indo-European plain consonants and some clusters as a result of palatalization processes as well as the so-called consonant shift, a process including the devoicing of Proto-Indo-European voiced consonants. In addition to those who speak Russian as a first language, 1,591,246 people or 52.7% of Armenia's citizens speak Russian as a second language[17], Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is spoken by the 3,000-strong Assyrian minority of Armenian. Since then Russian has been of high significance in the life and history of Armenia. Copyright 2022, Armenian is the official language of what in recent memory was the smallest republic of the former Soviet Union, now the southernmost republic of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The seven dialect types have the following correspondences, illustrated with the td series:[105]. [13] In 1988, nearly 100,000 Armenian students within the republic attended Russian-language schools. Agatangelos notes that the temples were destroyed to the ground, his goal, of course, was . Arm. Contemporary linguists, such as Hrach Martirosyan, have rejected many of the Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian and Caucasian languages from Armenian, and not vice versa. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go") in many tenses, otherwise adding only the negative to the positive conjugation. Armenian is one of the oldest languages in the world. The Armenian land itself is a plateau located roughly 5000 feet above sea level and hemmed in by mountainous regions. Classical Armenian (Arm: grabar), attested from the 5th century to the 19th century as the literary standard (up to the 11th century also as a spoken language with different varieties), was partially superseded by Middle Armenian, attested from the 12th century to the 18th century. [14], The 2001 census revealed 29,563 people with Russian as their native language, from which 14,728 were ethnic Armenians. Both Eastern and Western Armenian were purged of Muslim words (Arabic, Persian, and Turkish loanwords), which were replaced by words taken from Grabar. There was even an Armenian translation of the grammatical treatise of Dionysius Thrax. Some borrowings date back to the Achaemenid period (ca. The first translator into the Armenian language was the linguist Mesrop Mashtots, who translated the Bible. Herodotus, writing in the fifth century B.C., states that the Armenians lived in Thrace and then moved into Phrygia, from which they crossed into the later Armenian territory. inscription in Behistun by the Persian king Darius I. "Urartian State Mythology". [108] Fortson notes that the modern standard as well has now attained a subordinate clausal structure that greatly resembles a Turkic language.[109]. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian genocide. This alphabet and associated orthography is used by most Armenian speakers of Armenia and the countries of the former Soviet Union. Look through examples of ancient translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. [26][27][28][29][30] It was probably spoken by the majority of the population around Lake Van and in the areas along the upper Zab valley. There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, with which most contemporary dialects are mutually intelligible.[44][45][46][47]. The consonant shift in Proto-Armenian had some similarities to the Proto-Germanic shift (see Grimms law), although these processes were independent of one another. Kurmanji is the largest minority language of Armenia spoken by the Yazidi minority. However, unlike shared innovations (or synapomorphies), the common retention of archaisms (or symplesiomorphy) is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. Armen Petrosyan. Armenian shares the augment and a negator derived from the set phrase in the Proto-Indo-European language *ne hoyu kid ("never anything" or "always nothing"), the representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. In Woodard, Roger D. Late Egyptian was used when scribes wanted to present an approximation of the spoken language, in letters, legal documents, accounts, and some literature. Given that these borrowings do not undergo sound changes characteristic of the development of Armenian from Proto-Indo-European, he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the Proto-Armenian language stage. The core of this alphabet consisted of the ancient Armenian language and its 28 unique letters, which were not meant to correspond to a sound within the Armenian language. A small group of speakers live in north-western Iran, and some communities dot the countryside of eastern Turkey. 01 Nov 2022 21:01:28 [15], According to the 2011 Armenian Census, there were 11,862 Russians in Armenia, 10,472 of them speak Russian as a first language, the other 1,390 Russians speak other languages as their first language (1,328 Russians speak Armenian as a first language). The text is like a phrasebook - it's key vocab and phrases for Armenians living in Hellenic Egypt! In: The languages of Asia Minor (ed. In Western Armenian, Old Armenian b, d, g, j, and are pronounced as voiceless and, in some dialects, voiceless aspirated, having merged with Old Armenian p, t, k, c, and , whereas Old Armenian p, t, k, c, and are pronounced as /b/, /d/, /g/, /j/, and // in all Western dialects. For example, (usuci, "teacher") becomes (usucuhi, female teacher). In some studies, it is supposed to be the mother of Indo-European languages with Sanskrit. Armenian medicine, which has a history of some 3000 years, has created a rich treasury of natural medicaments. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in Classical Armenian. Countless emigrees have spread the language to all corners of the world. "Speakers of Armenian appear to have replaced an earlier population of Urartian speakers (see Ch. Some borrowings date back to the Achaemenid period (ca. PCL 5.556 al(l)a(e)enne), cov "sea" ( Urart. [56][57] Hrach Martirosyan and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian eue ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely a loan from Armenian (compare to Armenian yev, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *hepi). 10) in the mountainous region of Eastern Anatolia. The languages offered in the Department of Middle East Studies include some of the oldest recorded languages in history (Sumerian and Egyptian), the languages of the Hebrew and Christian . [68], Used in tandem with the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, the Armenian language would also be included under the label Aryano-Greco-Armenic, splitting into Proto-Greek/Phrygian and "Armeno-Aryan" (ancestor of Armenian and Indo-Iranian).[33][34]. [54] Noting that Hurro-Urartian-speaking peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonoff identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as aaxin "slave girl" ( Hurr. Yerevan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press. [50], W. M. Austin (1942) concluded[51] that there was early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages, based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine gender and the absence of inherited long vowels. RT @DannyBate4: This papyrus, dated to between the 5th and 7th centuries, is a stunning piece of history. In other languages This page was last edited on 19 November 2015, at 22:37. ", Wilhelm, Gernot. There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Western Armenian dialects are currently spoken also in Gavar (formerly Nor Bayazet and Kamo, on the west of Lake Sevan), Aparan, and Talin in Armenia (Mush dialect), and by the large Armenian population residing in Abkhazia, where they are considered to be the first or second ethnic minority, or even equal in number to the local Abkhaz population[113]. Participate today. It is its own independent branch of the family of the Indo-European languages. Omissions? According to local tradition, the Armenian alphabet was invented in 405 by Mesrop Mashtots, aided by Isaac (Sahak) the Great, supreme head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, and by a . University of Texas at Austin By the time the language is recorded, roughly forty percent of the lexicon consisted of borrowings from other languages, the phonological system had changed to resemble several features of the Caucasian languages, and the morphological system had developed as well, though less drastically than the lexicon and phonological system.
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