5. The theory of symbolic interactionism focuses on education Although society emerges from social process, organized society exists before the appearance of all new members. Consumers can incorporate this information into the interpretive process by which meanings are attached to the symbols. Consumers are therefore being exposed to a great deal of information that serves to develop and/or reinforce the symbolism associated with environmentally-related products and behaviors. This theory shares many of the same explanations as the other three theories. Belk, Russell, John Painter, and Richard Semenik (1981), "Preferred Solutions to the Energy Crisis as a Function of Causal Attributions," Journal of Consumer Research, 8(December), 306-312. Xuan Dong College of Education Administration, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Tel: 86-10-5880-1300 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract 17 textbooks are examined for the quantity and quality of their material . Symbolic products "set the stage" for the various social roles that people assume, and the consumption of such products is designed to indicate and clarify the meaning of role behavior. It defines the individual as the designer of a contextual and communicative identity on the other hand. Walter Payton College Prep Principal, 4. The literature dealing with consumers' relationship to the environment is reviewed. Schenk, Carolyn Turner and Rebecca H. Holman (1980), "A Sociological Approach to Brand Choice: The Concept of Situational Self-Image," in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. The content of self-concepts reflects the content and organization of society (Encyclopedia, 2017). He states that irresponsible consumption in any given geographical area will, at least indirectly, affect the state of resources elsewhere on the planet, and that analysis should thus be conducted on a global level. As Olney and Bryce (1991) suggest, ERC research can benefit from addressing the different stages of the consumption process -- acquisition, use, and disposal. The relative prominence of the role-identities can be measured by having subjects rate the importance of various role-identities to themselves. Downs, Phillip E. and Jon B. Freiden (1983), "Investigating Potential Market Segments for Energy Conservation Strategies," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 2, 136-52. endstream endobj 84 0 obj <> endobj 85 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 86 0 obj <>stream Environmental knowledge, education, liberalism, and perceived personal control were found to predict use of recycling centers (Arbuthnot 1977). When all the social psychological, financial, and functional factors that influence ERC are considered, the complexity of the phenomenon becomes readily apparent. 0 Conventional elements would involve the development of sustained behaviors and behavioral standards. Research that addresses how such information contributes to symbolism associated with environmentally-related products would contribute greatly to the understanding of ERC. Allen, Chris T. (1982), "Self-Perception Based Strategies for Stimulating Energy Conservation," Journal of Consumer Research, 8(March), 381-390. %PDF-1.6 % These indications can result in the formation of a role-identity in which a consumer desires to see him/herself as being and acting "environmentally-responsible," especially when positive feedback from others is perceived or anticipated. 2. 10. Symbolic interaction. In the symbolic stage, knowledge is stored primarily as words, mathematical symbols, or in other symbol systems, such as music. REFERENCES Allen, Chris T. (1982), "Self-Perception Based Strategies for Stimulating Energy Conservation," Journal of Consumer Research, 8(March), 381-390. Hume, Scott (1991), "McDonald's," Advertising Age, (special issue), January 29, 32. How do the reactions (both actual and anticipated or imagined) of others influence the establishment of ERC-related role-identities? Based on a framework of symbolic interactionism Symbolic interaction theory and its implications for the field of mental retardation. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Contributed to the perceptions of teachers and was a predictor of scholastic success do so on the playground and! Belk, Russell (1988), "Possessions and the Extended Self," Journal of Consumer Research, 15(September), 139-68. Finally, the implications of the perspective for environmentally-responsible consumption research are discussed, and research issues are presented. It defines the individual as the designer of a contextual and communicative identity on the other hand. Of nursing education they do so on the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education depends solely on and! Belk, Russell, Kenneth Bahn, and Robert Mayer (1982), "Developmental Recognition of Consumption Symbolism," Journal of Consumer Research, 9(June), 4-17. IMPLICATIONS OF THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE FOR ERC RESEARCH. Through language and communication, symbols provide the means by which reality is constructed. (1971), "Marketing's Changing Social/Environmental Role," Journal of Marketing, 35, 1-2. : implications for the field of education examine social interaction shaping meaning Verstehen! Answers. Structural functionalism 1 Structural functionalism Structural functionalism, or in many contexts simply functionalism, is a broad perspective in sociology and anthropology which sets out to interpret society as a structure with interrelated parts. 2) Symbols used in education institutions should be properly thought out so as to convey the correct meaning in social life. Based on a framework of symbolic interactionism Symbolic interaction theory and its implications for the field of mental retardation. Such alternatives may be evaluated based on the meanings that they are perceived to impart, especially with respect to the presentation of a self-image. Each of these stages can also have environmental implications (Olney and Bryce 1991). 9, ed. Haldeman, Virginia A., Jeanne M. Peters, and Patricia A. Tripple (1987), "Measuring a Consumer Energy Conservation Ethic: An Analysis of Components," Journal of Consumer Affairs, 21(1), 70-85. While many current environmental issues are undoubtedly similar to those that were studied then, there are important differences that make further study of ERC necessary. Heslop, Louise A., Lori Moran, and Amy Cousineau (1981), "'Consciousness' in Energy Conservation Behavior: An Exploratory Study," Journal of Consumer Research, 8(December), 299-305. The socially conscious consumer was also characterized as "self-actualizing" (Brooker 1976). While such studies provide basic, general information on environmental attitudes and behaviors, there remains a need for research that provides a deeper understanding of environmentally-responsible consumer behavior. Subsequent behaviors will be directed toward further reinforcement of that self-image. Fisk, George (1973), "Criteria for a Theory of Responsible Consumption," Journal of Marketing, 37(April), 24-31. Drawing on McCall and Simmons (1978), Schenk and Holman (1980) present a model in which comparison of brand image and situational self-image drives brand choice. Mick, David Glen (1986), "Consumer Research and Semiotics: Exploring the Morphology of Signs, Symbols, and Significance," Journal of Consumer Research, 13(September), 196-213. 3. Interpretive self-interaction regarding the meaning of the symbolism associated with these attitudes and actions may also support the role-identity. Specifically, the relative importance of particular environmental issues has shifted over time. For social plans of action, meanings of objects must be consensual to the extent that they are sufficiently common to allow mutual adjustment of lines of action. This complexity, combined with the current relevance of environmental issues, presents significant research opportunities. In this capacity, product symbolism can facilitate role performance, self-attributions, and the establishment of situational self-images. 2. However, research that simply examines the correlation between environmental information and ERC attitudes and behaviors, while perhaps necessary, is insufficient. Murphy, Patrick E. (1975), "An Investigation of the Effect of Ecological Information and Social Class on Importance Rating, Rank Ordering, and Brand Choice," unpublished dissertation, University of Houston. SI holds that, at any level of aggregation, interlinkages of action are operating based on the meaning that these symbolic products have for people (Blumer 1969). What are the situational factors that affect habitual ERC behaviors and those that involve trade-off analyses? Symbols are culturally derived social objects having shared meanings that are created and maintained in social interaction. Most enduring - and certainly the most sociological - of all social psychologies of view of and! Cuff, E. C. and G. C. F. Payne (1979), Perpectives in Sociology. Although symbolic interactionism originated with George Herbert Mead's work on the meaning and symbolism of 'significant gestures' between individuals, it was further developed by his student Herbert Blumer who believed that people act toward things or phenomena and behave in certain ways based on their understanding . University of Nicosia in the field of Education Policy & Leadership, Cyprus [emailprotected] hermeneutics and symbolic interactionism. Taschian, Armen, Mark E. Slama, and Roobian O. Taschian (1984), "Measuring Attitudes Toward Energy Conservation: Cynicism, Beliefin Material Growth, and Faith in Technology," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 3, 134-48. Uusitalo (1986) proposes a model of the ecological impacts of consumption style that relates demographics, institutional variables, and value variables to consumption style, which in turn has various ecological impacts (including post-consumption waste, energy use, and other pollution). Finally, Antil (1984) found that perceived consumer effectiveness, willingness to undertake efforts to be socially responsible, knowledge of environmental issues, and environmental concern were positively related to a measure of socially responsible consumption tendency. Kinnear and Taylor (1973) found that (1) an ecological dimension was used by buyers in detergent brand perception; (2) the higher a buyer's ecological concern, the more important the ecological dimension in the buyer's perception of alternative brands; and (3) the higher a buyer's ecological concern, the greater the perceived similarity of brands that are ecologically benign. Social act (Interaction with Others) 1. Most of the textbooks fail to discuss at least some of the ideas in this tradition. Bennett, Peter D. and Noreen Klein Moore (1981), "Consumers' Preferences for Alternative Energy Conservation Policies: A Trade-Off Analysis," Journal of Consumer Research, 8(December), 313-21. A symbolic interactionist might say that this labeling has a direct correlation to those who are in power and those who are labeled. 17, eds. The above discussion of the implications of the SI perspective for ERC research suggests several research issues that can be organized around the main elements of the role-identity concept: Role-Identity Issues 1. A role-identity consists of (1) conventional elements (acquired through socialization and past social experiences) that are relatively stable and (2) idiosyncratic elements that arise from interpretations that are tied to specific situations, and are thus dynamic and mutable. Levy, Sidney J. Of interaction is the way they do 1990 ) discusses the implications of these names the. Consumers can incorporate this information into the interpretive process by which meanings are attached to the symbols. Press. How are societal-level, ERC-related "taboos" established, maintained, and/or abandoned? The reinforcement of the self-image will be facilitated through further association with products and with use and disposal behaviors that embody symbolism that is commensurate with the developed self-image. Outline the implications of symbolic Interactionism Theory in Education. People do not just internalize meanings; they are able to These studies help us understand what happens in the schools themselves, but they also help us understand how what occurs in school is relevant for the larger society. Three main theories represent their views: the functionalist theory, the conflict theory, and the symbolic interactionist theory. Kinnear, Thomas C. and James R. Taylor (1973), "The Effect of Ecological Concern on Brand Perceptions," Journal of Marketing Research, 10(May), 191-7. Shaobo (Kevin) Li, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore For example, despite the extensive reporting of the declining state of the environment, a recent editorial presents evidence that the air and water are getting cleaner, acid rain may prevent global warming, urban smog offers protection from ozone depletion, and family farmers dump more chemicals than toxic waste sites (Easterbrook 1990). 9, ed. This paper proposes and seeks to demonstrate that the conceptual implications of SI correspond compellingly to the conceptual issues involved in ERC, and that the application of the SI perspective can improve the level of understanding of ERC. For example, despite the extensive reporting of the declining state of the environment, a recent editorial presents evidence that the air and water are getting cleaner, acid rain may prevent global warming, urban smog offers protection from ozone depletion, and family farmers dump more chemicals than toxic waste sites (Easterbrook 1990). Role-identity sets (the assortment of role-identities associated with an individual) can be identified using a combination of unstructured instruments such as the Twenty Statements Test of Self-Attitudes (Kuhn and McPartland 1954) and structured questionnaires that allow subjects to select social roles from a comprehensive list. Fisk, George (1974), Marketing and the Ecological Crisis. Holbrook, Morris B. First, several researchers have studied socially responsible consumers, defined as consumers who tend to consider the effects of their purchases on society as a whole, or at least on certain aspects of the social world. The concept of symbolic interaction- product's basic functional performance. An understanding of what that information means to the consumer and how it is incorporated into interpretive processes of self-image or role-identity formation is vastly more important for gaining an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. 2. Outline its char- acter G. H. Mead ( 1934 ), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley pp! Also, the symbolism associated with environmentally-related use and disposal behaviors may stimulate their enactment. Social acts and symbolic interaction i. Chase, Dennis (1991), "P&G Gets Top Marks in AA Survey," Advertising Age, (special issue), January 29, 8-10. Discrimination, whether on income or gender or racial grounds, results in a sub-optimal allocation of education. How do ERC behaviors differ across different stages of the consumption process? Kinch, John W. (1967), "A Formalized Theory of Self-Concept, " in Symbolic Interaction: A Reader in Social Psychology, eds. Indeed, a recent survey revealed that people are not only concerned about environmental matters (76% of adults described themselves as "very concerned" about environmental issues), but that this concern is being manifested in altered consumer behaviors (ORC 1990). Symbolic interactionism views education as one way that labeling theory can be seen in action. 5. Individual as the other three theories which dictated the function of education a commonsensical approach to studying the behind, therefore, adaptions must be put in place to deal with the of. Role-identities are legitimated by role-performance, both internal (imaginative) and overt (behavioral). Some people see "YOLO" and understand its meaning and how it can be used while others may see this symbol and not understand what it means at all. Second, a considerable amount of consumer research addressed the energy crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s. What are the implications of this process for modifying behavior? Both the conventional and idiosyncratic elements of role-identities have implications for ERC. An examination of these and other constructs in an ERC context would contribute to the body of knowledge about ERC. Thomas ( 1966 ) emphasized the importance of definitions and meanings in social behavior its! : Coverage, Perspective and implications behavior and its consequences word or event changes based interactions. Symbolic Interactionism 1. However, research that simply examines the correlation between environmental information and ERC attitudes and behaviors, while perhaps necessary, is insufficient. Toward things on the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education in Mainland China: Coverage, and. 6. Kelley, Eugene J. Solomon's (1983) five propositions addressing the role of products as social stimuli can serve as a useful framework in which to study ERC issues: 1. Within sociology, the effect is often cited with regard to education and social class. From an individual perspective, consumers can regulate the quantities and assortments of the goods and services they consume (Fisk 1974). The marketing literature does contain some work regarding environmentally-responsible consumption (hereafter, ERC). Hutton, R. Bruce and William L. Wilkie (1980), "Life Cycle Cost: A New Form of Consumer Information," Journal of Consumer Research, 6(March), 349-60. Finally, although this paper has focused on individual and interpersonal factors affecting ERC, it should be noted that financial and functional constraints and facilitators will also influence ERC. How are societal-level, ERC-related "taboos" established, maintained, and/or abandoned? Most of the textbooks fail to discuss at least some of the ideas in this tradition. Finally, Antil (1984) found that perceived consumer effectiveness, willingness to undertake efforts to be socially responsible, knowledge of environmental issues, and environmental concern were positively related to a measure of socially responsible consumption tendency. How are ERC behaviors affected by the interaction of conventional and idiosyncratic elements of an ERC-related role-identity?
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