NAA T-2 Buckeye. [242], On 18 March 2011, British Prime Minister David Cameron announced that Tornados and Typhoons would enforce a no-fly zone in Libya. [59], The level of wing sweep (i.e. Das ist zu viel und berschreitet mein Zielgewicht von 1000g. The newer digital version is mainly recognisable by the black buttons with big white dots on them. It provided a world-beating capability to fly in cloud, at night, at 250 ft., being undetected by enemy air defenses.. Fairford, United Kingdom - July 12, 2014: Italian airforce Tornado, a twin-engine, swing wing combat aircraft, taking part in a display at a Fairford airshow. It certainly focused the mind.. We may earn commission if you buy from a link. [77] In 1991, the RAF introduced TIALD, allowing Tornado GR1s to laser-designate their own targets. 31 Squadron respectively. [101] The programme was delayed by Rolls-Royce's entry into receivership in 1971. however the nature of the multinational collaboration process helped avoid major disruption of the Tornado programme. RSC have cleverly incorporated an original piece of ZA326s aluminium skin in , Our third RB199 engine is now on display atSWAM, alongside ZA326. [24] Flight testing led to the need for minor modifications. This is closer to the exhaust nozzles on the F2 than on the F3. This particular engine was first fitted , On February 7th 2020, ZA326 accepted AC ground power for the first time in over a decade. "[53], The Panavia Tornado is a multirole, twin-engined aircraft designed to excel at low-level penetration of enemy defences. These Tornados equipped two wings, each with a nominal strength of 48 aircraft. [151][152] On 13 January 2004, the then German Defence Minister Peter Struck announced further major changes to the German armed forces. The total number of Tornados delivered to the German Air Force was 247, including 35 ECR variants. RAF Panavia Tornado Aircraft Fuselage Engine Access Door Display Wall Art. The variable-geometry wings could be moved in flight to any sweep setting between 25 and 67. [125][126] The defence ministry admitted that bright cockpit lights could be a distraction for pilots, and said that the solution will be implemented in a few weeks, but denied the need to fly night missions in Syria. [281], A single Tornado GR1 (ZA326, the eighth production aircraft) was re-designated GR1P after being partially rebuilt using parts from different production batches following a fire during engine testing. The last Tornado was retired from RAF service in 2019 when it was replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon. ", Sacchetti, Renzo. [230] Problems with Patriot were also suggested as a factor, multiple incidents of mis-identification of friendly aircraft have occurred, including the fatal shootdown of a US Navy F/A-18 a few weeks after the Tornado's loss. ZA326 (cn 016/BT006/3008) was the eighth productionPanavia Tornado, and one of the initial 23 , We are excited to announce our collaboration with RSC watches to create a limited edition Tornado ZA326 chronograph. Originally two versions were foreseen, the Panavia 100 single seater and Panavia 200 two seater. British Aerospace (later BAE Systems) upgraded 142 Tornado GR1s to GR4 standard, beginning in 1996 and finished in 2003. [132] Originally Tornados equipped five fighter-bomber wings (Geschwader), with one tactical conversion unit and four front-line wings, replacing the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. [243] In March 2011, several Tornados flew 3,000-mile (4,800km) strike missions against targets inside Libya in what were, according to Defence Secretary Liam Fox, "the longest range bombing mission conducted by the RAF since the Falklands conflict". [121] This project would see RAF GR4/4A improved in two phases, starting with the integration of the Paveway IV bomb and a communications upgrade, followed by a new tactical datalink in Phase B. To achieve high-speed performance, a swept or delta wing is typically adopted, but these wing designs are inefficient at low speeds. Here they are in the aft-most position. [96] Although the UK proceeded with Trident, several Tornado squadrons based in Germany were assigned to SACEUR to deter a major Soviet offensive with both conventional and nuclear weapons, namely the WE.177 nuclear bomb, which was retired in 1998. [258] On 28 February, nine Tornados flew out of RAF Marham for a diamond nine formation flypast over a graduation parade at RAF Cranwell before returning and carrying out a series of passes over RAF Marham. Persenjataan. Michael Stephens died in the crash after ordering ejection. The Tornado ADV - Air Defence Variant - was intended to deal with long range Russian bombers coming in over the North Sea. There was no such shelter for the 60 Tornados deployed in Desert Storm. In mock combat with AMRAAM-equipped German F-4F Phantoms in the late 1990s, Tornado ADVs carrying Skyflash air-to-air missiles performed poorly. [32] During the type's development, aircraft designers of the era were beginning to incorporate features such as more sophisticated stability augmentation systems and autopilots. Ultimately, the Tornado was rendered obsolete by subsequent developments in aviation technology. ", "Not with a bang but a whimper: Europes pending denuclearisation. [162], In addition to the order made by the Luftwaffe, the German Navy's Marineflieger also received 112 of the IDS variant in the anti-shipping and marine reconnaissance roles, again replacing the Starfighter. The first collaborative European military aircraft project, Tornado was developed by Panavia Aircraft GmbH, a company established by the three partner nations the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italyto create a multirole combat aircraft designed to take on the likes of the Russian MiG-29 and SU-27. Latest Additions; Most Popular; Editor's Choice; User Favorites; Photo Search; Upload Your Photos; Aircraft. [236] In Summer 2010, extra Tornados were dispatched to Kandahar for the duration of the 2010 Afghan election. Its most recognizable feature being the oversized vertical stabilizer that's essentially a 3rd wing. Photo Aircraft Location & Date; Italy - Air Force Panavia Tornado IDS Decimomannu (- Giovanni Farina) (DCI / LIED) Italy Italy - Air Force . In February 2001, Italy announced its arrangement to lease 35 F-16s from the United States under the PEACE CAESAR programme. [100] In September 1969, Rolls-Royce's RB199 engine was selected to power the MRCA. RAF IDS (interdictor/strike) variants were initially designated the Tornado GR1 with later modified aircraft designated Tornado GR1A, Tornado GR1B, Tornado GR4 and Tornado GR4A. Instead it was meant to go far and fast at low altitude, and to be a stable platform for accurate delivery of unguided bombs when it got to its target.. The first military aircraft to employ this approach was the German Messerschmitt P.1101, a single-seat jet fighter designed in 1944 as part of the Jgernotprogramm (Emergency Fighter Program). [29][30], Two prototypes were lost in accidents, both of which had been primarily caused by poor piloting decisions and errors leading to two ground collision incidents;[31] a third Tornado prototype was seriously damaged by an incident involving pilot-induced pitch oscillation. huricane. [216], The UK sent a detachment of Blackburn Buccaneer aircraft equipped with Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pave Spike laser designators, allowing Tornado GR1s to drop precision guided weapons guided by the Buccaneers. The photo also shows the all-movable horizontal stabilisers and thrust reversers. During the 1960s, aeronautical designers looked to variable-geometry wing designs to gain the manoeuvrability and efficient cruise of straight wings with the speed of swept wing designs. Advanced navigation and flight computers, including the then-innovative fly-by-wire system, greatly reduced the workload of the pilot during low-level flight and eased control of the aircraft. Operation Locusta saw eight Tornado IDS interdictors deployed from Gioia del Colle, Italy, to Al Dhafra, Abu Dhabi, as part of Italy's contribution to the coalition. Here in 2019, the plane is retiring from the Royal Air Force after almost 40 years. [42], During the 1970s, Australia considered joining the MRCA programme to find a replacement for their ageing Dassault Mirage IIIs; ultimately the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet was selected to meet the requirement. To show a picture, the separated video signal, vertical and horizontal synchronisation signals have to be fed into the display unit since there's no internal electronics for synchronisation separation of the video signal. [199] In January 1984, the TWCU became No. It was expected to bring a revolution in the capability of air forces to deliver conventional and nuclear weapons against an enemy in all weather conditions, by day or night, with great accuracy.. [291] Although the ADV had 80% parts commonality with the Tornado IDS, the ADV had greater acceleration, improved RB199 Mk.104 engines, a stretched body, greater fuel capacity, the AI.24 Foxhunter radar, and software changes. The basic version of the Tornado is the interdictor/strike variant, abbreviated IDS. PREVIOUS. Tornado MRCA pack3D printer design to download Download: free Website: Thingiverse. Unusually for a combat aircraft, the engines in the MRCA were also provided with thrust reversers, to safely shorten the landing run even further. Amongst the armaments that the Tornado has been adapted to deploy are the Enhanced Paveway and Joint Direct Attack Munition bombs, and modern cruise missiles such as the Taurus and Storm Shadow missiles. During more than 70 engagements, 140 Brimstone missiles and Paveway IV bombs were deployed, and over 3,000 27mm cannon shells fired. But it was those daredevil attack runs during the Gulf War, the first CNN conflict, that made the Tornado a legend, Heeps says. [9] The weapons pylons pivot with the angle of the variable-sweep wings so that the stores point in the direction of flight and do not hinder any wing positions. The Royal Air Force Tornado GR1 was the first generation version of the Panavia Tornado strike aircraft in use by the UK Air Force. It is simply able to haul larger amounts of stores. [184] Italian military aircraft delivered a combined 710 guided bombs and missiles during the strikes against Libyan targets. "In-Flight Short Field Landing Investigations on a Combat Aircraft with Thrust Reverser. [121], Beginning in 2000, German IDS and ECR Tornados received the ASSTA 1 (Avionics System Software Tornado in Ada) upgrade. Lake, Jon. Airflow disturbances were responded to by re-profiling the engine intakes and the fuselage to minimise surging and buffeting at supersonic speeds. These upgrades have increased the Tornado's capabilities and combat accuracy. Later versions may lack one or both cannons. Alongside the worlds only Tornado GR.1P aircraft, we have a collection of equipment, artefacts, flying clothing, and Tornado memorabilia on public display at the South Wales Aviation Museum, Our team of amazing volunteers give their time and energy for free to further the work of the Panavia Tornado Preservation Group. ", "Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review. The thrust reversers also help reducing the runway length needed. We are committed to saving as much of the Tornado story as possible, for future generations to enjoy. 142 aircraft were upgraded to GR4 standard from 1997 to 2002, after which time the GR.1 designation was abandoned. The charitable aims of the Panavia Tornado Preservation Group are: To advance the education of the public in the operational/engineering aspects of the Panavia Tornado aircraft and its place in UK aviation, Provision of a museum for its display and to exhibit documents, items, artefacts and other materials related to the Tornado, To preserve and protect the Panavia Tornado aircraft for the benefit of the public. Built for the Cold War, the Tornado remains a prime example of what happens when European engineering minds come together. [13] Canada and Belgium had departed before any long-term commitments had been made to the programme;[14] Canada had found the project politically unpalatable; there was a perception in political circles that much of the manufacturing and specifications were focused on Western Europe. There are 3,643 photos of Version Panavia Tornado IDS for Aircraft Generic Type Panavia Tornado in the Airliners.net database. [257], To celebrate 40 years of service and to mark the type's retirement, several flypasts were carried out on 19, 20 and 21 February 2019 over locations such as BAE Warton, RAF Honington and RAF Lossiemouth. [206] No. The Vigilante has two engines, wedge shaped air intakes and a single vertical stabiliser like the Tornado. Please search before posting to avoid duplication of threads. This version lacks the cannons of the IDS version. The P.1101 never got beyond the stage of the building of a wind tunnel mock-up and the partial construction of a prototype. All variants would be provided with variable-geometry wings. Avionics. It was well-adapted to these two requirements and flying at low level was seen as the only way to survive in full-scale combat against an enemy with powerful air defences. ", "UK to deploy Tornados in support of Iraq operations. [218], After the war's opening phase, the GR1s switched to medium-level strike missions; typical targets included munition depots and oil refineries. The variable geometry design of the Tornado was a vital factor in allowing it to operate from short or damaged runways. [246][247] On 29 September 2014, three days after Parliament approved airstrikes against Islamic State forces inside Iraq, two Tornados conducted their first armed reconnaissance mission in conjunction with coalition aircraft. Because it was designed to fight during a nuclear war with limited reliance on electronics, the Tornado was in a lot of ways a blast from the past, an analog plane in an increasingly digital age. So, I think it will be used by all three of these countries in WT. $40-50 million Estimated If Sold At Present. The wedge shaped air intakes of the Su-24 are tilted 90 degrees though and the main landing gear has two wheels. ", "German Tornado aircraft deploy to Mazar-e Sharif. According to Talbot, the Concorde engineers had determined the issue with the Tornado intake was that the engine did not respond to unexpected changes in the intake position, and therefore the engine was running at the wrong setting for a given position of the intake ramps. [116] The RAF's GR1 fleet was extensively re-manufactured as Tornado GR4s. [268] As of 2010,[needs update] Saudi Arabia has signed several contracts for new weapon systems to be fitted to their Tornado and Typhoon fleets, such as the short range air-to-air IRIS-T missile, and the Brimstone and Storm Shadow missiles. As we closed on the target, adrenaline pumped around my body, Nichol remembers. The Tornado, though, could transition from straight wings for more lift during takeoff to a swept-back configuration for better airflow at cruising speeds. Many aircraft have become famous over the 100-year history of the Royal Air Force, whether through being of revolutionary design, outstanding contribution in war, or just through being loved by all who knew them, says Smith, rattling off the Harrier, the Spitfire, and the Vulcan. Background. Spick, Green and Swanborough 2001, p. 33. However, the wings have no variable sweep. print now Tags . Mark Smith is a freelance journalist who writes for the BBC, Guardian, Forbes and magazineson subjects ranging from tech andbusiness tohistory and film. This page was last edited on 20 September 2022, at 18:13. Both pilots ejected and were captured by Houthis.[277][278][279]. It has a maximum altitude of about 50,000ft. As the crew began a hasty retreat, an Iraqi heat-seeker hit the plane. Tornado Aircraft L/H Wing Flap Centre Track Guide Titanium [GR402D] 34.99. In the subsequent combats in which it was involved, the Tornado suffered due to the extra weight and complexity of the wing sweep mechanism. With these upgrades it is projected that the Tornado shall be in service until 2025, more than 50 years after the first prototype took flight. [17] It has been suggested that Germany deliberately placed an unrealistically high initial order to secure the company headquarters and initial test flight in Germany rather than the UK, so as to have a bigger design influence. Copyright 2021 Skinny Goat Media - All Rights Reserved, Panavia Tornado The Tonka; Big, Fast, Loud and Low, The F-22 Raptor The Fighter of the Future, F-117 Nighthawk The Stealth Fighter thats Actually a Bomber, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 The Fastest Soviet Jet Fighter. List, Friedrich. ", "The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia. You can add any aviation accident or incident you like: general aviation, military, helicopters etc. [169], Italian Tornados, along with RAF Tornados, took part in the first Gulf War in 1991. More than 1,000 have been built and it will continue to fly in other air forces including that of Germany and Saudi Arabia, as of March 31 it was officially retired by the U.K, its roles being divided between the new Typhoon and Lightning. [94] The RAF ordered 30 GR1As, 14 as GR1 rebuilds and 16 new aircraft. [289], The Tornado ADV (air defence variant) was an interceptor variant of the Tornado, developed for the RAF (designated Tornado F2 or F3) and also operated by Saudi Arabia and Italy. 31 (Designate) Squadron. [39] The agreement to purchase the Tornado was part of the Al-Yamamah arms deal between British Aerospace and the Saudi government. [43] Canada similarly opted for the F/A-18 after considering the Tornado. The Tornado was developed and built by Panavia Aircraft GmbH, a tri-national consortium consisting of British Aerospace (previously British Aircraft Corporation ), MBB of West Germany, and Aeritalia of Italy. ", "German Court Rejects Bid to Halt Tornado Mission. [75] German ECRs have a Honeywell infrared imaging system for reconnaissance flights. [211][210] Early on in the conflict, the GR1s targeted military airfields across Iraq, deploying a mixture of 450kg (1,000lb) unguided bombs in loft-bombing attacks and specialised JP233 runway denial weapons. Tornados were pre-positioned to gather situational awareness in the region. Initially known as the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft, or MRCA, the Panavia Tornado was the crowning achievement of a tri-national development team between the United Kingdon, Germany and Italy which began during the late 1960s. Only the last was finally developed, after the Netherlands withdrew and with changing requirements. Thats as good an outcome as it ever gets. Finally, the huge single vertical stabiliser is a clear recognition point. [38], Export customers were sought after West Germany withdrew its objections to exporting the aircraft; Saudi Arabia was the only export customer of the Tornado. [109] The final production standard engine met both reliability and performance standards, though the development cost had been higher than predicted, in part due to the ambitious performance requirements. The Tornado ECR is equipped with an emitter-locator system (ELS) to detect radar use. [178], In response to anticipated violence during the 2010 Afghanistan elections, Italy, along with several other nations, increased its military commitment in Afghanistan, dispatching four A-200 Tornados to the region. The old and newer version are a masterpiece of state of the art engineering and both are very well build. The battery was later attacked in retaliation, and no aircraft were lost during the incident. [197] Two more squadrons were formed at RAF Marham in 1983 No. ", "RAF Tornados to replace Harriers in Afghanistan. [200] Unlike the Tornado squadrons based in the UK which were under control of the British military, those stationed in RAFG were under the control of SACEUR, with the aircraft on Quick Reaction Alert (Nuclear), "QRA (N)", being equipped with the WE.177 nuclear bomb. Photo Aircraft Location & Date; Germany - Navy Panavia Tornado IDS Tucson - Davis-Monthan AFB (Municipal) (DMA / KDMA) Arizona . ZA326 (cn 016/BT006/3008) was the eighth production Panavia Tornado, and one of the initial 23 Tornado ZA326 watch We are excited to announce our collaboration with RSC watches to create a limited edition Tornado ZA326 chronograph. ", "Tornado Infra-Red Reconnaissance System (TIRRS) (United Kingdom), Airborne electro-optic (EO) systems. [44] Japan considered the Tornado in the 1980s, along with the F-16 and F/A-18, before selecting the Mitsubishi F-2. The CRT version has a Low Voltage Power Supply (LVPS) for creating the needed low voltage signals. An array of dials and switches are mounted on either side of a centrally-placed CRT monitor, controlling the navigational . This led to a reduction in its Tornado strength to four wings by September 2005. 17 (Designate) Squadron was formed in December 1984, with the two Brggen squadrons joined by No. [204] By early 1985, Nos. [254] On 31 January 2019, the Tornado GR4 flew its last operational sorties in Operation Shader. The German engineers working on the Tornado intake were unable to produce a functional Concorde style intake despite having data from the Concorde team. [202] In the event of the Cold War going 'hot', the majority of RAFG Tornado squadrons were tasked with destroying Warsaw Pact airfields and surface-to-air missile (SAM) sites in East Germany. "First Upgraded Italian Tornado on show.". Originally all IDS versions had a cannon on each side of the nose, where the side of the fuselage transitions to the bottom. ", "UK confirms two Tornado GR4 squadrons will go by June. If the Death Star were real, the Tornado would have been the real plane Luke Skywalker wouldve flown to try to take it down. We hope that visitors will enjoy the opportunity of seeing it up close. ", "German war jets against anti-G8 protesters. Panavia Aircraft, a new tri-national company established in Germany, built the variable . No. [23] It was at this point that Britain's Chief of the Defence Staff announced "two-thirds of the fighting front line will be composed of this single, basic aircraft type". Saudi Tornados took part in the Gulf War. The Tornado multirole aircraft is operational in five different forms: Tornado GR 1 interdictor strike aircraft for close air support; counter air attack and defence suppression; GR 1A tactical reconnaissance . Tornado is one of the first flight simulations to offer head-to-head online dogfights. [231][232][233] Britain withdrew the last of its Tornados from Iraq in June 2009. Developed by Panavia, a consortium of three nations consisting of three British Aerospace, MBB Germany, and Alenia Aeronautica Italy, the Tornado first flew on August the 14th, 1974 and saw action with the British Royal Air Force in Iraq during Operation Desert Storm. This was because the Concorde had similar issues due to control pressure not being high enough to maintain proper angles of the intake ramps. [14], On 26 March 1969, four partner nations United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, agreed to form a multinational company, Panavia Aircraft GmbH, to develop and manufacture the MRCA. Because the Tornado's variable wings enable the aircraft to drastically alter its flight envelope, the artificial responses adjust automatically to wing profile changes and other changes to flight attitude. [35] The first RAF Tornados (ZA320 and ZA322) were delivered to the TTTE at RAF Cottesmore on 1 July 1980. As such a large weapons load of 'beyond visual range' missiles, long endurance - loiter time - and a good radar were the main requirements. Computational Aerodynamics. The most built ADV version was the Tornado F3, which can carry two Sidewinder missles under each wing (the F2 only one). IX (B) Squadron was declared strike combat ready to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) in January 1983. - Quora Answer (1 of 5): Good enough that on Saturday night 4 of them put 8 Stormshadow cruise missiles into a Syrian weapons facility. The display unit is eventually a rather 'dumb' device. It was a rugged attack plane meant to survive the rigors of a potential Cold War encounter with the Soviet Union, in which Tornados could find themselves skimming the treetops of German forests at the height of a nuclear war, ready to unleash its rage onto Soviet ground targets. Although highly successful, the Tornado suffered higher losses than the other Allied combat aircraft due to its vulnerability at low altitude, says Hendrix. [11] Britain joined the MRCA group in 1968, represented by Air Vice-Marshal Michael Giddings, and a memorandum of agreement was drafted between Britain, West Germany, and Italy in May 1969. Panavia Tornado aerodynamic model. [143][144] Following the mission, the German Defence Ministry admitted one aircraft had broken the minimum flying altitude and that mistakes were made in the handling of security of the summit. ", "Weapon detail and No.15 Squadron data for 1984. [142], In June 2007, a pair of Luftwaffe Tornados flew reconnaissance missions over an anti-globalisation demonstration during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm. Initially, the X-5 was planned as the basis for a low-cost tactical fighter, but it proved to have dangerous stall/spin characteristics unrelated to the variable-incidence wings and it was abandoned after only two prototypes were constructed. It was released in 1993 for DOS and Amiga. The Tornados primary design driver was to conduct low level terrain following radar nuclear strikes into the USSR, says defense expert Bill Hodson, director at international engineering consultancy Frazer-Nash. However, the X-5 did prove for the first time that variable geometry was at least feasible. Ending Today at 8:35PM GMT 17h 3m. Panavia Tornado: A History - Given the sky-high cost of advanced aircraft development in the 21st century, multinational collaboration is quite common - yet it largely began in the late 1960s with the Panavia Tornado as a tri-national effort between the UK, West Germany, and Italy. [97][98] German and Italian Tornados are capable of delivering US B61 nuclear bombs, which are made available through NATO. [220] After the conflict, Britain maintained a military presence in the Gulf. By removing the rear three phase conversion power supply plug-in board and applying 28VDC (<4,1A) to the power supply board, the device can be powered for avionics enthusiast use. The first picture below is of the rc Panavia Tornado radio control airplane from Traplet Plans, designed and built by Chris Gold. [210] 18 Tornado F3s were deployed to provide air cover, the threat of their long range missiles being a deterrent to Iraqi pilots, who would avoid combat when approached. [149] The German Tornados were withdrawn from Afghanistan in November 2010.[150]. [49] In June 2011, it was announced that the Tornado fleet had flown collectively over one million flying hours. The Middle East is not particularly known for its extensive forests, says Kris Hendrix, a military historian at the RAF Museum. ", "Turbo-Union: Programme Milestones Achieved. Fairhill, David. Jackson, Paul, Kenneth Munson, Lindsay Peacock and John W. R. Taylor, eds. [227] Aiming to minimise civilian casualties, Tornados deployed the Storm Shadow cruise missile for the first time. Fuselage length is 49. [54][55] For long range missions, the Tornado has a retractable refuelling probe. Pilot Edward Smith had been flying the McDonnell Douglas F-4M as an air defense fighter in Germany when he was selected to retrain as a Tornado pilot in September 1982. Panavia Aircraft GmbH was formed in 1969. The ECR has sensors to detect radar usage and is equipped with anti-radiation AGM-88 HARM missiles. Read More:The F-22 Raptor The Fighter of the Future. The two pilots sit side-by-side, not in tandem. ", "First Upgraded Tornado Re-delivered to Royal Saudi Air Force. [70] To enhance pilot awareness, artificial feel was built into the flight controls, such as the centrally located stick. The original display unit is 'just' a display and a keypad. The four aircraft will be used for reconnaissance missions only. ", "FIRST UPGRADED TORNADO ECR DELIVERED TO ITALIAN AIR FORCE", "NATO Rejects Gadhafi's Call for Cease-Fire.
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