Communication Disorders Quarterly. Grounded Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Mill Valley. People with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD) have an intelligence quotient below 25 points (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Indicative behaviours. This constitutes the verbal-actual axis (Glaser, 2001) of both talk and behaviour. Lippincott. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 4:48-66. Polity press. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Video recordings were made of the verbal and non-verbal interactions of people with severe and complex disabilities and the staff who work with them. As a result, in some interaction sequences several behaviours could be identified as occurring in a very short period of time, with the result that a very fine detail of what happened in the communication was evident. The Grounded Theory Review 6 (2):1-22. The increasing sophistication of the memos was in many ways the key to the process and it enabled an understanding of how a minutely detailed micro-communication such as a glance from one person to another might form part of a macro-theory which explains how the attention process (of which eye gaze is one small part) operates. New Perspectives in Early Communication Development. The problem is that the accurate ascription of meaning to anothers interaction is difficult for both parties. As previously mentioned, this method is typically used when a . Nakken H. and Vlaskamp C. (2007). For example, people with such severe degrees of disability may do things slowly, pause unexpectedly or indeed produce very few behaviours (Ware, 2003), making understanding of the significance of their behaviours problematic. Heritage concurs with this view and notes that attaining a high level of precision is enabled by videotaped data (Heritage, 1984). (1967). This paper has considered how grounded theory may be utilized as a mechanism for the analysis of observational qualitative data that is derived from videotaped interactions. The aim of this paper is to describe the method that was used in the study. Weak Points are unique areas on some creatures that deal critical damage when hit. As explained above, the videotape was analyzed by running it at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed the action of 1/24th of a second. Are you developing a classic grounded theory? 12:190-203. (Personal communication). We invite you to submit your paper for consideration for the next issue of Grounded Theory Review, which is published in late December and June each year. A discussion of the arguments for and against video-taping in the context of the development of grounded theory is presented and finally the strengths and weakness of the method are considered. The theory of attuning has seven concepts: setting, being, stimulus, attention, action, engagement and the core category of attuning. However, functionally, the primary practical concern that they have is how to communicate with a complex and at times forbidding world. See what I mean: interpreting the meaning of communications by people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Doing Grounded Theory. Each one hour recording sampled the student and keyworker in a variety of educational activities. Micro-incidents may be regarded as constituting an important data source for the generation of theory because ultimately, an understanding of what is going on in the data is derived from constant comparison of micro-incidents, rather than macro-situations (Glaser, 1998). As such, each episode in the tape was viewed in real time, in slow motion and generally frame-by-frame, in order to ascertain the exact behaviours that were occurring and the precise sequences in which they occurred. Video offered a possibility of examining these behaviours and those of the non-disabled partner in detail, with the consequence that the grounded theoretical analysis made it possible to identify the main concern of the participants. Grove N, Bunning K, Porter J and Olsson C. (1999). There are doubts as to whether the collection of audio recorded data facilitates the development of a grounded theory. Thus, grounded theory avoids preconceived assumptions, offering a more neutral view of understanding human action in a social context (Simmons, 2006). The nature of people with such severe disabilities is that they cannot interact in an ordinarily recognised manner; they have little or no speech and their non-verbal behaviours tend to be idiosyncratic. Glaser B. Attuning: A theory of interaction of people with severe and profound intellectual and multiple disability and their carers. Are you working on a formal theory, or are you reflecting on a methodological issue? Thus, it facilitated the emergence of a theory explaining how the participants met the main concern. Using video methods in grounded theory research. Elemental Weaknesses and Resistances are primary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. Such minute changes in behaviours are virtually impossible to identify without using video (Nilsson, 2012). The theory suggests that the process of attuning regulates communication. Through a comparison of these concepts, they plan theories. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition. Thus, detailed analysis demonstrated the interdependence of each person in the communication process. Subjects, data and videotapes. Ware J (2003). Two principles of communication: co-regulation and framing. Expressive communication strengths of adults with severe to profound intellectual disabilities as reported by group home staff. Using Grounded Theory to Analyze Qualitative Observational Data that is Obtained by Video Recording, The Grounded Theory Review is published by Sociology Press
Sociology Press. From Isolation to Intimacy, Making Friends without Words. Journal of Advanced Nursing. In short, the verbal-behavioural data juncture may reveal accurate detailed description of the behaviour that is observed or it may not. Following the 50th anniversary wish of GTs co-founder Dr. Barney Glaser, we would like to see a conglomerate of new grounded theories that span a wide array of disciplines and topics and that demonstrate general applicability and conceptual strengths in diverse social contexts. In particular it was important to extend the uncovering of patterns within the detailed data of very small behaviours of the participants. In Nadel J and Camaioni L, (Eds). Jessica Kingsley. However, staff must interpret what they understand of the communications of the person with intellectual disability so that they can act as advocates and facilitators for them (Grove et al., 1999). Speziale H. and Carpenter D. (2007). This was by no means a comprehensive list of behaviours but it illustrates typical macro and micro-behaviours that occur in this type of interaction. 45:18-29. 2 179-214. This study collected interactional data. This had to be carried out in order to render as precise a written description of the data as possible. The progression in the data analysis process is described from descriptions of these micro-behaviours towards the emergence of the concepts of the theory. Trinity College, Dublin. It was interesting to note that a repeated behaviour of one individual in many cases elicited different reactions from others depending on whom that individual was interacting with. Polit D. and Hungler B. The fieldwork for the study took place in a school for adolescents and young adults with PIMD in Ireland. The video records show that for most of the time, the participants were involved in interacting with each other and appeared to give little thought to the camera and observer. Furthermore, the precursors of each persons interactions were made explicit. The fruit of this process was the fine-grained detail of incidents and sequences in behaviour that constituted the transcription and formed the basis for the data analysis. Mill Valley. The narrative data that was collected detailed the sequence of interactions. Classic grounded theory (CGT) was chosen as the preferred method for the study because so little was known about the patterns of communication that were inherent in what the study participants did. The strengths and weaknesses of the use of video as a tool to collect data that is amenable to analysis using grounded theory are considered. Glaser B. The application by one person of attention to the stimulus of the other is not inevitable, but if it does occur, it will affect how the person acts and if they become engaged (communicate) or not. ISSN: 1556-1550. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. At the same time, the reliance on detailed baseline data meant that the patterns of behaviour that were being identified were patterns of very small behaviours, behaviours that might ordinarily remain unobserved. In order to achieve this aim video recording was used. Sociology Press. Please submit your paper no later than April 1 for the June edition and September 15 for the December edition. However, as the interaction was analyzed 24 times per second, the precise record of how a persons gaze shifted from one focus to another was identifiable, as was the movement of the persons attention from one stimulus to another and the resulting changes in eye gaze and other interactions of the second person in the dyad. This was the process that is described thus in sorting, the analyst is constantly moving back and forth between memos and a potential outline working with it so everything fits (Glaser, 1978, p. 118). The Pragmatics of Human Communication. Typically it took five and half hours to transcribe one minute of Tony and Marys (one of the dyads) video and this covered 11 pages of transcript. Mill Valley. Mill Valley. Each weapon in the game has a fixed damage type, and cannot be changed. Video permits the fine-grained, detailed nature of the data that is; its density to be made explicit (Latvala et al., 2000). The paper concludes by suggesting that using classic grounded theory to analyze qualitative data that is collected using video offers a method that has the potential to uncover and explain patterns of non-verbal interactions that were not previously evident. The second limitation of using videotaped data in this study was the length of time that the analysis took. In considering whether such doubts apply to the use of video recorded data, Nilsson (2012) reports that Glaser acknowledges that the use of video is the only method that is sufficiently sensitive to be capable of capturing micro-communications and that for research participants who are non-verbal and therefore communicate by means of macro and micro non-verbal communications, there is no other method of collecting original information explaining what was happening in their field of interest (Nilsson, 2012, p. 107), that is, baseline data. Through the constant comparison of the emergent categories, ideas were developed that explored emergent relationships between those categories and also between codes both within and between categories. Theoretical Sensitivity. Sociology Press. Such detailed analysis allowed the synchrony in the interaction process to become clear, as well as the relationship between motor movements of both persons to become evident as the movements of each developed and decayed. In this case, the interactions were of people with profound intellectual disability and their carers and teachers. Interpreted data and vaguing out are the least accurate data form. As the analysis progressed and as the core category and the eventual vertical structures of the theory (the seven categories) emerged, the memos became more sophisticated. Arising from that transcription it became possible to identify the patterns in the micro-behaviours and micro-communications that constituted the interaction process. The check sheet was based on the relevant literature but also on discussions with Jenny Wilder, who had conducted similar observations of young children with intellectual disability (Wilder, 2005). Features of Grounded Theory. Thus, verbal interactions, non-verbal interactions, and all observable behaviours that were displayed by the participants in the dyads in the view of the camera constituted the data. They continue until they reach sample saturation, in which no new information upsets . This tendency for the data to self-correct was evident in the identification and emergence of the categories of data in the study. Eye gaze changes quickly, at times up to three to four times per second. This difficulty is magnified for people with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD), who are confronted with many challenges in living their daily lives. When the reaction changed, the influence of different variables in the setting could be identified as the cause. The process that enables the person to act and to communicate is the process of attuning, which affects and reflects how the partners feel (their being), what they do and if and how they become mutually engaged. Furthermore, it suggests that this is a reciprocal process whereby the concepts and processes apply equally to both persons who are communicating, irrespective of whether they have a disability. In the context of thick description of an event, he notes that the descriptions were thicker than most (Schonfeld ,1992, p. 209). Indeed, it is suggested that it may actively hinder it (Glaser, 1998), largely because it promotes descriptive completeness rather than conceptualization of the data and hence it may hinder the development of theory. Because grounded theory research is collection method neutral (Glaser, 2007, p. 20), as a research method, it can conceptualise any form of data. The early memos detailed the properties of the codes, but as time went by, the memos indicated how codes should be sorted and tentatively named the categories (concepts) to which they belonged. Such a situation leads to communication difficulties both for the person with PIMD and the people who do not have a disability but who may be related to the person with PIMD or may work to support them. Cascella P. (2005). Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. Aldine DeGruyter. Glaser B. and Strauss A. (2001). Such lengthy data analysis is not untypical. Philadelphia. Such challenges centre around how to comprehend the world that they live in. The database of the Grounded Theory Review now contains more than a hundred articles on classic grounded theoriesfrom either a methodological or a theoretical perspective. The nature of the qualitative micro data that was captured is described and the fit between such data and classic grounded theory is discussed. In view of the fact that these micro-communications were predominantly gestures, marginal vocalisations, alterations of eye gaze and inflections of body parts, behaviours which are easily missed or at least not consciously registered in real interaction, the use of video constituted a way of seeing what had not been seen before. Glaser B (2005). Nursing Research: Principles and methods. Caldwell P. (2007). Nilsson L. (2012). Scope of Research: Grounded theoretical research attempts to describe or explore a specific issue. London. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. To sum up this section, video enables data to be collected that is permanently on record, that can be very complex or dense and that can be analyzed precisely in fine detail. In all, over 200 memos were written. The consequence of my presence in the classroom setting was that I took the role of observer as participant (Speziale and Carpenter, 2007), which led to minimal participation in the action. Journal of the Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. The narrative illuminated the verbal and non-verbal interactions of both participants in the dyad in detail and in sequence. London. The quality most clearly demonstrated by the analytic process was its precision. BENEFITS. In order to manage the mass of recorded data, just two of the three recordings were examined and between them selected episodes of interaction were examined, which yielded 25 minutes of data which were transcribed and analyzed. Damage Weaknesses and Resistances are secondary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. London, Norton. Routledge. However, that precision was only made possible because of another aspect of video, namely its permanence which meant that it could be viewed as many times as required and in many different ways. Equally in many cases a pattern was established, whereby the same behaviour of one person consistently elicited the same reaction from the other person. However, there was no evidence observable to me to gainsay that conclusion. The 25 minutes of videotaped observational data in this study detailed more than 1000 incidents comprising 36,000 data points. The key issue then is that both the person with the intellectual disability and the person who does not have the disability are predisposed to mutually misinterpret each others communications. These difficulties are functional in that they affect the way in which interaction occurs between people who do not have a disability (primarily staff and relatives) and those who do. A good example of dense data is a sequential analysis of shifting eye gaze patterns between two people. There were three participants in the study who had a severe or profound intellectual disability, each of whom was observed in the classroom with a non disabled person, namely the staff member who was chiefly responsible for the persons care, support and education.
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