The Bodhisatta replies that even a bit of merit is no use to him (Pali: "anumattenpi puena attho mayha na vijjati"). 14, No. The third common theme of karma theories is the concept of reincarnation or the cycle of rebirths (sasra). Vairocana Buddha of Srivijaya style, Southern Thailand, 9th century. [48] However, in pre-modern Islam, capital punishments for these crimes were rarely enforced because the evidentiary standards were so high as to make convictions more difficult to obtain. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikya 2, Majjhima Pasaka 3, Paribbjaka Vagga 6)", "A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon", "Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka", "Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion", Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence, "Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'", "How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History", Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, "Book One, Part V The Buddha and His Predecessors", "Brahmavihra and Awakening, A Study of the Drgha-gama Parallel to the Tevijja-sutta", "The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages", "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article", "Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham? Tola, Fernando. In this context, a ramaa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). Editors of Hinduism Today Magazine, What is Hinduism? In China, it was common for many centuries to keep record of someone's meritorious deeds in 'merit ledgers' (pinyin: gnggu g). [313] In the same year, Wendy Cook from Lincoln, United States, bought fourteen rabbits from a farm to raise them under better conditions. [10] Hiriyanna (1949) suggests rebirth to be a necessary corollary of karma;[33] Yamunacharya (1966) asserts that karma is a fact, while reincarnation is a hypothesis;[34] and Creel (1986) suggests that karma is a basic concept, rebirth is a derivative concept. [18][27] Karma is self-regulatory and natural: it operates without divine intervention and human intention is fundamental to it. ", Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [, J.W. the teaching of "the noble eightfold path as the middle path aloof from the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification. [294][295][296] Phu Mi Bun are in many ways similar to people declared Bodhisattvas in Buddhist societies, and in fact, the word Phu Mi Bun is often used in traditional Thai texts about the previous lives of the Buddha. [272] The ultimate noble goal should be liberation from this cycle. All gave similar predictions. 66, No. [265] Likewise, Richard Salomon has written that the doctrines found in the Gandharan Manuscripts are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools. Pua literally translates as 'merit, meritorious action, virtue'. [225] Scholars perceived that it was discordant with early Buddhist understandings of karma,[213][225][226] and noticed that in the Kathvatthu the idea is partly refuted by Theravdins. However, the god Brahm Sahampati convinced him, arguing that at least some "with little dust in their eyes" will understand it. master and creator. [47] The Quran explicitly states that the taking of a life results in the taking of ones own. [1][40] Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for the death of the Buddha was 949 BCE. More extensively discussed is the consequences of karma in relation to sin. "[19] More recently, the 1911 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia suggested that Catholics should hold that "the infliction of capital punishment is not contrary to the teaching of the Catholic Church, and the power of the State to visit upon culprits the penalty of death derives much authority from revelation and from the writings of theologians", but that the matter of "the advisability of exercising that power is, of course, an affair to be determined upon other and various considerations. (, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese, a *Vinayamtk preserved in Chinese translation, which some scholars suggest represents the Haimavata tradition, the Mahsghika-Lokottaravda Vinaya, preserved in Sanskrit, the Mahsaka Vinaya in Five Parts, preserved in Chinese, the Mlasarvstivda Vinaya, where the episode is extant in Chinese and Tibetan translation, with considerable parts also preserved in Sanskrit fragments, a discourse in the Madhyama-gama, preserved in Chinese, probably representing the Sarvstivda tradition, a Pli discourse found among the Eights of the Aguttara-nikya; the same account is also found in the Theravda Vinaya preserved in Pli, According to A.K. According to Li Hongzhi, the founder of Falun Gong: "A person has done bad things over his many lifetimes, and for people this results in misfortune, or for cultivators its karmic obstacles, so there's birth, aging, sickness, and death. The earliest Upanishads began with the questions about how and why man is born, and what happens after death. This karmic correspondence (Pali: kamma-sarikkhat) or "automatic cosmic reaction" (Brokaw) is a common idea found in Buddhist texts and Buddhist societies,[19][26] and explains why people are different and lead different lives in many ways. Hence, karma cannot locate the appropriate person by itself. [2] It is glossed by the Theravda Commentator Dhammapla as "santana punti visodheti", meaning 'it cleans or purifies the life-continuity'. For the concept of merit in Hinduism, see, Concept considered fundamental to Buddhist ethics, "anumattenpi puena attho mayha na vijjati", In the Sangti Sutta ("Chanting together discourse,", There is some discussion as to the best translation of. Nevertheless, the prerequisites of legitimate personal defence are not applicable in the social sphere without the risk of distortion. A number of names are being used to refer to the Buddha; The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. "[317], According to Rupert Gethin, in the Nikayas and Agamas, the Buddha's path is mainly presented in a cumulative and gradual "step by step" process, such as that outlined in the Samaaphala Sutta. Many of these executions were for drug related crimes, "enmity against god", and threatening national security. ", An account of these practices can be seen in the, According to various early texts like the. The first vassana was spent at Varanasi when the sangha was formed. [310] Some Buddhist organizations have responded to this by adjusting their practices, by working together with conservationist organizations to educate people, and even by pushing for new laws controlling the practice. It is the unsatisfactoriness and unease that comes with a life dictated by automatic responses and habituated selfishness,[270][271] and the unsatifacories of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus unreliable. 2008. 4 (Oct. 1989), pp. Benjamin Penny shares this interpretation. The concept has been intensely debated in ancient literature of India; with different schools of Indian religions considering the relevance of rebirth as either essential, or secondary, or unnecessary fiction. [217] Over time, other Shakyans joined the order as bhikkhus, such as Buddha's cousin Ananda, Anuruddha, Upali the barber, the Buddha's half-brother Nanda and Devadatta. All of these theories held that there was an eternal unchanging essence to a person, which was separate from all changing experiences,[308] and which transmigrated from life to life. P. Bilimoria (2013), Toward an Indian Theodicy, in The Blackwell Companion to the Problem of Evil (Editors: McBrayer and Howard-Snyder), 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons. It is quite plausible, however, that someone failed to notice that once the first four links became part of the chain, its negative version meant that in order to abolish ignorance one first had to abolish consciousness!". [119][120] Indeed, the Buddha is quoted in the Tipiaka as saying he is foremost in 'higher morality' (adhisla). Jain texts expound that seven tattvas (truths or fundamentals) constitute reality. Sikhs believe that all religions are paths to God, but must follow their religions truthfully. sfnp error: multiple targets (2): CITEREFRoy1984 (. [157] In other theistic schools such as those in Hinduism, particularly its Nyaya school, karma is combined with dharma and evil is explained as arising from human actions and intent that is in conflict with dharma. and as is his desire, so is his will; [8], Emperor Ashoka, being a Buddhist himself, was one of the first rulers to completely outlaw the use of capital punishment. [137] Other schools in Hinduism, such as the Yoga and Advaita Vedantic philosophies, and Jainism hold that karma can not be transferred. [360][361], As noted by Bhikkhu Bodhi, the Buddha as depicted in the Pali suttas does not exclusively teach a world transcending goal, but also teaches laypersons how to achieve worldly happiness (sukha). In the earliest Buddhist texts, the nikyas and gamas, the Buddha is not depicted as possessing omniscience (sabbau)[111] nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent (lokottara) being. It also declares that as a man is constituted by his desires, he is born in the other world with reference to these. The dead relatives must also be able to sympathize with the meritorious act. [6], Hinduism has historically not taken a stance on the death penalty and has little influence on the governments opinion of it,[3] but India (an 80% Hindu nation)[7] has the lowest rate of execution of any other country. Wealth, lifespan, and position are all contingent on merit. [414] The subsequently influenced the art of East Asian Buddhist images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism. [90][91][note 5] It is not a rigid and mechanical process, but a flexible, fluid and dynamic process. "[71] An example of recent capital punishment in India includes Mohammad Afzal Guru, who was sentenced to death in 2013 after attacking the Indian Parliament in December 2001. [286], Scholars have often connected the notion of karma to the determinism in the caste system in India. Judaism has a history of debate over the death penalty but it generally disagrees with the practice. [354] Lambert Schmithausen similarly argues that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the four dhynas, is a later addition. [47][68][69] Other scholars have pointed out that in Buddhist ethics egoism and altruism may not be as strictly separated as in western thought, personal benefit and that of the other becoming one as the practitioner progresses on the spiritual path. Thus, rejoicing in others' merits, apart from being one of the ten meritorious acts mentioned, is also a prerequisite for the transferring of merit to occur. (See also Aquinas on the death penalty). Tolle has taken some good wisdom from the world's religions, dressed it in New Age language, personalized it with his own less impressive wisdom, and then used a powerful personal story* to sell the book. [309][310][270] The Buddha's anti-essentialist view still includes an understanding of continuity through rebirth, it is just the rebirth of a process (karma), not an essence like the atman. [6] The Buddhist term has, however, more of an impermanent character than the English translation implies,[7] and the Buddhist term does not imply a sense of deserving. For these reasons, Buddhism has generally opposed the death penalty. The time of the Buddha was a time of urbanisation in India, and saw the growth of the ramaas, wandering philosophers that had rejected the authority of Vedas and Brahmanic priesthood, intent on escaping sasra through various means, which involved the study of ascetic practices, [293], The idea of merit is also at the basis of the Phu Mi Bun movements as has been studied in Thailand and other Buddhist societies. Furthermore, one cannot argue that karma generates apurva or punya, which gives fruit. And as is his desire so is his will; and as is his will, so is his deed; and whatever deeds he does that he will reap. [126], The main concept of the field of merit is that good deeds done towards some recipients accrue more merit than good deeds to other recipients. 1. In contrast, a samskara (Sanskrit: ) is an invisible effect, produced inside the actor because of the karma, transforming the agent and affecting his or her ability to be happy or unhappy in their current and future lives. Even more symbolically, kings would sometimes offer their kingdom to a temple, which, returned the gift immediately, together with some Dhamma teaching. In a commentary toBrahma Sutras(III, 2, 38, and 41), a Vedantic text,Adi Sankara, an Indian philosopher who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta, argues that the original karmic actions themselves cannot bring about the proper results at some future time; neither can super sensuous, non-intelligent qualities like adrstaan unseen force being the metaphysical link between work and its resultby themselves mediate the appropriate, justly deserved pleasure and pain. ", Dasgupta explains that in Indian philosophy, acintya is "that which is to be unavoidably accepted for explaining facts, but which cannot stand the scrutiny of logic.". [17] This is so because the ancient scholars of India linked intent and actual action to the merit, reward, demerit, and punishment. [215][216] They also tell of how the Buddha's son, Rahula, joined his father as a bhikkhu when the Buddha visited his old home, Kapilavastu. His teachings are summarized in the Noble Eightfold Path, a training of the mind that includes ethical training and meditative practices such as right effort, mindfulness, and jhana/dhyana. There is one God who is absolutely good and compassionate (, That one God knows absolutely everything (, Encyclopdia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, New York, pp 679680, Article on Karma; Quote "Karma meaning deed or action; in addition, it also has philosophical and technical meaning, denoting a person's deeds as determining his future lot.". [16] Another way of transferring merit, apart from helping the deceased, is to dedicate it to the devas (deities), since it is believed that these are not able to make merits themselves. The seeds are small, and because most banyans grow in woodlands, a seedling that germinates on the ground is unlikely to survive. The five precepts are not a divine order from god, they are merely a set of ethical guidelines to live by. [20], Another causality characteristic, shared by karmic theories, is that like deeds lead to like effects. Some Protestant groups have cited Genesis 9:56, Romans 13:34, and [234][235], Sree Padma and Anthony Barber note that merit transfer was well-established and a very integral part of Buddhist practice in the Andhra region of southern India. Finally the being is killed because of that action. Karma is understood as the source of all suffering what Buddhism might refer to as 'bad karma'. [72] The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an oligarchy, with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch. The remaining items 'Listening to Teachings', 'Instructing others in the Teachings' and 'Straightening one's own views' are part of 'Mental development'. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of Office, and 1 TB of cloud storage. At the same time, karma is also the cause of one's continued rebirth and suffering. [218][219] Meanwhile, the Buddha's father Suddhodana heard his son's teaching, converted to Buddhism and became a stream-enterer. [270], The Buddha saw the belief in a self as arising from our grasping at and identifying with the various changing phenomena, as well as from ignorance about how things really are. "[266], All beings have deeply entrenched samyojana (fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the sankharas ("formations"), kleshas (uwholesome mental states), including the three poisons, and savas ("influx, canker"), that perpetuate sasra, the repeated cycle of becoming and rebirth. The rebirths and consequent life may be in different realm, condition, or form. Ludo Rocher, Karma and Rebirth in the Dharmasastras, in Editor: Wendy D. O'Flaherty (1980), Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, University of California Press. [212][213][214] In the Pli tradition, the word pattidna is used, meaning 'giving of the acquired'. Karmais a concept of Hinduism which explains through a system where beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions and harmful effects from past harmful actions, creating a system of actions and reactions throughout a souls (Atmans) reincarnated lives forming a cycle of rebirth. [262] A similar role was played by queens. [127], One of the significant controversies with the karma doctrine is whether it always implies destiny, and its implications on free will. For example, If a Sudra insulted a priest they were sentenced to death but if a priest were to kill a sudra it was the equivalent of killing a dog or a cat and their only punishment would be to pay a fine. [5], Bhutan, Cambodia, and Thailand all recognize Buddhism as a state religion and use a Buddhist approach to address the issue of capital punishment. This practice is highly regarded and considered very meritorious. WebYoga (/ j o / (); Sanskrit: , lit. These conditions, he believes, can be addressed with better palliative and psychological care. And here they say that a person consists of desires, WebWonderfalls is an American comedy-drama television series created by Todd Holland and Bryan Fuller that was broadcast on the Fox television network in 2004.. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city. [8], In the 1980s parliament expanded punishment by death to offenses such as terrorism and kidnapping for ransom. This resulted in a fatwa which ruled that the killing of all non-believers was a duty that must be fulfilled by all Muslims as a response to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. [7][8][g] Leading a life of begging, asceticism, and meditation, he attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in what is now India, discovering a path to Nirvana,[h] that is, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering. Thus, God affects the persons environment, even to its atoms, and for those souls who reincarnate, produces the appropriate rebirth body, all in order that the person might have the karmically appropriate experiences. Gandharan Buddha with Vajrapani-Herakles. [8] Thailand's war on drugs may potentially explain its current retention of the death penalty. [8] In 1980, the Indian Supreme Court made it very clear that it does not take capital punishment lightly and as a result of Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab ruled that the death penalty should only be utilized in the "rarest of rare cases. [ai], The Buddha also critiqued the Brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble. The termkarmaalso appears significantly in the Veda. Hence these words of David: In the morning I put to death all the wicked of the land, that I might cut off all the workers of iniquity from the city of the Lord. [13][24] Thus, psyche and habit, according to Potter and Coward, link karma to causality in ancient Indian literature. [1] According to the Ka-tan system of time calculation in the Kalachakra tradition, Buddha is believed to have died about 833 BCE. [261][262] Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers. Likewise the laymen and laywomen. [208][200], For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have traveled in the Gangetic Plain, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as Angulimala, and cannibals such as Alavaka. [190] In later centuries, Gautama became known as the Buddha or "Awakened One". [3][dubious discuss] Islamic law is often used in the court system of many Islamic countries where there is no separation of church and state. [26] Wilhelm Halbfass (1998) notes that good karma is considered as dharma and leads to punya ('merit'), while bad karma is considered adharma and leads to pp ('demerit, sin'). [56] For example: Happiness comes due to good actions, suffering results from evil actions, TheNyaya school, one of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, states that one of the proofs of the existence of God is karma; It is seen that some people in this world are happy, some are in misery. Due to the influence of three modes of maya's nature, jivas (individual beings) perform activities under the control and purview of the eternal time. Just as we have said before, the heavier one's mortal attachments, the further down one drops, with the descent continuing until one arrives at the state of ordinary human beings. [328], According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's teachings on Karma and Rebirth are a development of pre-Buddhist themes that can be found in Jain and Brahmanical sources, like the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The moon, the sun, and the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata." Does the karma doctrine undermine the incentive for moral educationbecause all suffering is deserved and consequence of past lives, why learn anything when the balance sheet of karma from past lives will determine one's action and sufferings? [359], The Buddha's teachings on monastic discipline were preserved in the various Vinaya collections of the different early schools. [159], At the beginning of the twentieth century, perspectives of merit-making had changed again, as merit-making was being associated with capitalism and consumerism, which had been rising in South and Southeast Asia. [172] The Nikaya-texts also narrate that the ascetic Gautama practised under two teachers of yogic meditation. To believe something is to take it to be true; for instance, to believe that snow is white is comparable to accepting the truth of the proposition "snow is There is also philological evidence to suggest that the two masters, Alara Kalama and Uddaka Rmaputta, were indeed historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques. Besides the example of the king himself, certain monks and shamans have assumed this role throughout history. This page was last edited on 7 August 2022, at 11:02. [202][203] or as part of the activities of lay merit-making associations. James McDermott, Karma and Rebirth in Early Buddhism, in Editor: Wendy D. O'Flaherty (1980), Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, University of California Press. Even the. [381] Some scholars have argued that this fact signals that the Buddha preferred a republican form of government, while others disagree with this position. [69] In early Buddhism no explicit theory of rebirth and karma is worked out,[72] and "the karma doctrine may have been incidental to early Buddhist soteriology. The church stands by this statement today. Through these ledgers it was believed someone could offset bad karma. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) presently takes no position on capital punishment. [123], In these legendary biographies, the bodhisattva goes through many different births (animal and human), is inspired by his meeting of past Buddhas, and then makes a series of resolves or vows (pranidhana) to become a Buddha himself. Tah (thirst, desire, greed, craving) is what keeps a person wandering in Sasra (the cycle of rebirth), instead of becoming liberated. Since apurva is non-sentient, it cannot act unless moved by an intelligent being such as God. For other uses, see, The six sense bases and the five aggregates, Scholarly views on the earliest teachings, According to the Buddhist tradition, following the. The soul is essentially a reflection of Brahman. [230] However, Jain sources also claim his allegiance, and it is likely he supported various religious groups, not just the Buddha's sangha exclusively. The schools of Hinduism, such as Yoga and Advaita Vedanta, that have emphasized current life over the dynamics of karma residue moving across past lives, allow free will. Hence, karma cannot bestow the fruits of actions at a future date according to ones merit. An example of this is the fatwa issued by Sheikh Abdallah 'Azzam who called for an ongoing jihad "until all of mankind worships Allah." He becomes pure by pure deeds and evil by evil deeds. Jainism treats all souls equally, inasmuch as it advocates that all souls have the same potential of attaining nirvana. Many names in theVishnu Sahasranama, the thousand names of Vishnu allude to the power of God in controlling karma. [71] Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 24 kilometres (15mi) apart.[71]. [150][151][152] Buddhist monks or lay Buddhists earn merit through mindfulness, meditation, chanting and other rituals. The earliest appearance of the wordkarma is found inRigveda. Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:[64][j]. [144] Buddha's Birthday is called Buddha Purnima in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day. Indeed, merit has even been connected to the path to Nirvana itself, but many scholars say that this refers only to some types of merit. [118] In the same vein of Li's monism, matter and spirit are one, karma is identified as a black substance which must be purged in the process of cultivation. What three? [92] There is no set linear relationship between a particular action and its results. The problem is aggravated when the trace remains latent over a long period, perhaps over a period of many existences. [57] As for virtue, this comprises three out of eight aspects of the Noble Eightfold Path, the path central in the Buddhist teaching: right speech, right action and right livelihood. The transfer of merit is thus connected with the idea of rejoicing. [3] Hinduism's belief in karma may explain why there is no strong support or opposition to capital punishment because it is believed that if someone commits a crime in this life, they will pay for it in another life. [175][176] On a similar note, in Sri Lanka, kings and commoners would offer slaves to the temple, and then donate money to pay for their freedom, that way accruing two merits at once. [191], Following his decision to leave his meditation teachers, M 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down with the determination not to get up until full awakening (samm-sambodhi) had been reached; the Ariyapariyesan-sutta does not mention "full awakening", but only that he attained nirvana. This was an extension of earlier church sentiment. Human justice is imperfect, and the failure to recognize its fallibility can transform it into a source of injustice. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009). Ibn Nadim, who was also familiar with Manichaean teachings, even identifies Buddha as a prophet, who taught a religion to "banish Satan", although he does not mention it explicitly. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into monk's robes there,[167] though in some other versions of the story, he received the robes from a Brahma deity at Anomiya. However, Israeli employment of the death penalty has little to do with Jewish law. The show centers on Jaye Tyler (Caroline Dhavernas), a recent Brown University graduate with a philosophy degree, who holds a dead-end job as a sales clerk at a Niagara Falls gift shop.Jaye is the [130] It may have been either Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India,[67] or Tilaurakot, in present-day Nepal. This decision was supported by the public and a survey conducted in the 1980s solidified this support in finding that teachers, doctors, and lawyers all favored the death penalty. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Buddhist ethics Killing, causing others to kill, Buddhism and violence Teachings, interpretations, and practices, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, International Commission against the Death Penalty, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese, Association of Reformed Baptist Churches of America, Conservative Baptist Association of America, Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, General Association of Regular Baptist Churches, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), American Association of Lutheran Churches, Association of Free Lutheran Congregations, Church of the Lutheran Brethren of America, "Nuova redazione del n. 2267 del Catechismo della Chiesa Cattolica sulla pena di morte", "Bah' Reference Library - The Kitb-i-Aqdas, Pages 203-204", "The Catechism of Trent: The Fifth Commandment", "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Capital Punishment (Death Penalty)", "The Moral Limits of Medical Research Treatment: Address to the First International Congress on the Histopathology of the Nervous System", "The Catholic Church Opposes the Death Penalty.
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